Adapted general education program (AZOP) for children with mental retardation
Mental retardation (oligophrenia, mental retardation) is a general mental disorder characterized by a significant decrease in intellectual activity, adaptive skills, and underdevelopment of the emotional and volitional sphere. The condition is defined by an IQ score of less than 70 and behavioral problems that affect daily life. Correctional programs for children with mental retardation are drawn up taking into account the degree of oligophrenia. Separate materials designed for teaching children with mild, moderate and profound degrees of mental retardation have been developed.
Mental retardation is diagnosed in 2-3% of the population, of which 75-90% have moderate oligophrenia. Idiopathic cases, which arise due to an unknown cause, make up 30-50%, 25% are caused by a genetic disorder, and about 5% are hereditary.
Types and degrees of child mental retardation
Characteristics of a child's mental retardation - permanent impairment of cognitive activity due to organic damage to the brain. It is customary to divide mentally retarded children into oligophrenics and non-oligophrenics. In the latter, retardation occurs in a later period of life and is a consequence of organic diseases or brain injuries (meningoencephalitis, concussions, beatings, etc.).
The following degrees of oligophrenia are distinguished:
- light (debility) – the child's IQ is 50-60. There are no noticeable deviations in the behavior of such children. Learning is difficult due to reduced ability to concentrate and distracted attention;
- moderate (slightly pronounced imbecility) - the child's IQ is 35-49. Such children can be taught to serve themselves independently, to write, read, count, but they need constant care and control. Imbeciles have undeveloped thinking, reduced attention, impaired speech and impaired motor skills;
- severe (pronounced imbecility) – the child's IQ is 20-34. Such children have poorly developed speech, they are able to learn only simple self-care techniques;
- profound (idiocy) – the child's IQ is below 20. The condition is characterized by an almost complete absence of thinking and speech. In most cases, the child cannot move independently.
Assessment of the type and degree of mental retardation of a child can be complicated due to the presence of concomitant pathologies, for example, deafness, blindness. In such cases, a diagnosis of "other forms of mental retardation" is made.
The following main types of mental retardation are distinguished:
- hereditary forms;
- mental retardation in chromosomal diseases;
- mixed by etiology;
- caused by exogenous factors.
Education of children with mild mental retardation
Mentally retarded children have an underdevelopment of cognitive interests, expressed in the fact that they feel the need for knowledge less than normal children. The determination of the variant of the adapted general education program (AZOP) for children with mental retardation is carried out taking into account the recommendations of the psychological-medical-pedagogical commission.
A differentiated approach to the construction of AZOP for students with mild mental retardation involves taking into account their different opportunities to master the educational program. This attitude allows to realize the individual development potential of the child. When teaching children with mild mental retardation, it should be taken into account that students can confuse graphically similar numbers and letters and similar-sounding words. Educators should take into account difficulties in the distribution of attention, delayed switching, inability to focus on any one type of activity of children diagnosed with oligophrenia.
Classes in schools for students with mental retardation are conducted according to adapted educational programs taking into account their psychophysical capabilities. The names of the subjects and the number of hours allocated to their study are determined by the curriculum in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine.
FGOS for children with mental retardation
The standard regulates relations in the field of formation of groups of students with mild, moderate, severe and profound mental retardation, as well as severe and multiple developmental disorders. You can read more about the document on our website https://dobrobut.com/
FDOS for children with mild mental retardation provides for the selection of a propaedeutic period, which ensures the continuity of preschool and school stages, mastery of various types and means of communication, training according to professional training programs for qualified workers and employees. The educational standard focuses on psychological support, which improves the student's interaction with teachers and other students.
The curriculum for children with moderate mental retardation provides for individualization of learning and formation of self-care skills. Such children need step-by-step training and constant care. Children with severe mental retardation need help in forming communicative functions. Severe oligophrenia determines the need for classes on the development of speech, motor functions, gross and fine motor skills.
SIPR for children with profound mental retardation involves learning at home or in specialized medical institutions. The program defines comprehensive support for children with multiple developmental disabilities, which includes their education and cooperation with parents who raise a child with severe disabilities.
Related services:
Pediatrician's consultation
Classes with speech therapist
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