Symptoms of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, diagnosis, treatment
Cardiomyopathy (CMP) is a non-inflammatory lesion of the muscle tissue of the heart. People of both sexes in different age groups are sick. Hypertrophic, dilated and restrictive cardiomyopathy are distinguished. Death in ischemic cardiomyopathy of the heart can occur due to sudden cardiac arrest. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment of the disease are extremely important.
Causes of secondary cardiomyopathy in children and adults
Myocardial damage in CMP can be primary or secondary. There are three main forms of primary cardiomyopathy - congenital, mixed, acquired. Congenital cardiomyopathy is caused by a violation of the laying of myocardial tissue during embryonic development.
Secondary KMP develop as a result of some disease. Causes of secondary cardiomyopathy in children can be pneumonia, bronchial asthma. In adults, the triggers for the development of the disease are alcohol poisoning, medication, heavy metal salts, as well as viral infections, diabetes, uremia, thyrotoxicosis, gout, pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis, and myasthenia gravis.
Types of secondary cardiomyopathy:
- alcoholic - develops as a result of the regular effect of ethanol and the formation of fatty dystrophy of the myocardium;
- medical;
- dysmetabolic cardiomyopathy – occurs as a result of metabolic disorders in hypo- and hyperthyroidism, diabetes;
- digestive - develops as a result of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis and others);
- collagenous – formed in connective tissue pathologies (scleroderma, SLE, etc.);
- infectious - its development is associated with the action of bacterial, viral, parasitic infections;
- dyslipidosis - develops as a result of a violation of the lipid volume (Anderson-Fabry disease, Hunter syndrome, Sandhoff disease);
- infiltration - caused by infiltration in sarcoidosis, carcinomatosis, leukemia;
- dyshormonal cardiomyopathy - develops due to hormonal failures.
Symptoms of cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a marked hypertrophy of the myocardium of the left ventricle that occurs for no apparent reason. Symptoms of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in 90% of patients are manifested by severe shortness of breath at rest and during physical exertion, as well as nocturnal attacks of cardiac asthma. Patients often complain of dizziness.
Cardiomyopathy is dangerous because sudden death can occur in the absence of any clinical signs (22% of patients). A fatal outcome occurs more often in teenagers and young people. In approximately 60% of such cases, death occurs in a state of rest, the rest - after
significant physical exertion.
Myocardial arrhythmia and ischemia can cause arterial hypotension, increased obstruction of the outflow tract of the left ventricle, shortening of diastolic filling time, which leads to death.
Signs of restrictive cardiomyopathy:
- shortness of breath;
- pain in the heart during physical activity;
- peripheral edema;
- pains in the right hypochondrium;
- ascites and abdominal enlargement;
- swelling of veins on the neck.
On auscultation, a gallop rhythm, systolic murmur of insufficiency of the mitral and tricuspid valves are heard. When blood stagnates in the lungs, wheezing is heard.
Complications. Diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy threatens with serious complications. Can develop:
- heart failure;
- valvular dysfunction;
- edema;
- arrhythmias;
- embolism.
Examination of patients with a burdened family history of BMD is the main method of early detection of the disease. ECG, echocardiography, cycle ergometry, MRI, chest X-ray, Holter monitoring are used for diagnosis.
Diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy includes anamnesis, physical, instrumental and laboratory examination methods (blood tests, ECG, ultrasound, chest X-ray, CT/MRI, stress tests and others).
Treatment of cardiomyopathy
Effectiveness of beta blockers reaches 70%. The drugs significantly reduce shortness of breath, reduce the myocardial oxygen demand, which relieves angina pectoris. Calcium antagonists are prescribed when there are contraindications to the use of beta-adrenergic blockers or when they are insufficiently effective. The drugs reduce heart rate and blood pressure, improve diastolic blood pressure
function due to the rapid filling phase.
Treatment of alcoholic cardiomyopathy will be effective only if alcohol intake is completely stopped and metabolic disorders caused by the disease are corrected. In general, the treatment of alcoholic BMP is little different from the treatment of cardiomyopathy of other etiology.
Angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta-blockers, diuretics are prescribed. Read more about the treatment of various types of cardiomyopathy on our website https://dobrobut.com.
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