Bronchitis is a disease characterized by inflammation localized in the bronchial tubes, with causes including bacterial and viral infections, as well as exposure to harmful factors. Depending on the manifestation, it is classified into acute and chronic forms. Specialists also highlight another type of the disease – obstructive bronchitis. This form requires particularly careful diagnosis and qualified treatment; otherwise, complications such as pneumonia, bronchial asthma, and pulmonary emphysema may arise. Children, the elderly, and patients with weakened immune systems are most susceptible to bronchitis.
Types and Causes of Bronchitis
Acute bronchitis is characterized by acute inflammation of the bronchi, with cough producing sputum and general symptoms such as a slight fever, weakness, and others. The cause is most often a viral or bacterial infection, and the duration usually does not exceed 3 weeks.
Chronic bronchitis is a more stable condition with periodic exacerbations, resulting from prolonged irritation of the respiratory tract by harmful substances (dust, allergens, smoking, polluted air). It is characterized by a progressive inflammatory process and impaired bronchial function.
Obstructive bronchitis is a form of the disease where the mucous membrane of the organ is affected. The most characteristic manifestations are swelling and blockage of the bronchi.
Causes of the Disease:
- viruses and bacteria;
- presence of chronic respiratory infections (tonsillitis, sinusitis, etc.);
- bronchial irritation by allergens and toxic gases;
- inhalation of chemical vapors.
Factors contributing to the development of bronchitis include smoking, heredity, hypothermia, and reduced immunity.
Symptoms of Bronchitis
Acute Bronchitis
Characteristic symptoms include cough, chills, fever, as well as weakness and sweating. The cough in bronchitis is initially dry and sharp. In the following days, the production of sputum begins, bringing significant relief to the patient.
The cough associated with acute bronchitis usually lasts up to two weeks. If it persists for three weeks, it often indicates a transition to chronic bronchitis, which can be associated with improper or untimely treatment, or additional factors.
Chronic Bronchitis
The diagnosis of chronic bronchitis is appropriate when the patient's cough lasts more than three months. The main symptom is a persistent cough producing large amounts of mucus, typically occurring in the morning. The cough in chronic bronchitis is deep and dull. Temperature rarely rises. Exacerbations occur during the cold season.
Obstructive Bronchitis
In addition to cough, a characteristic symptom of the obstructive form of the disease is the inability to breathe deeply. The cause is bronchial deformation. In the early stages, obstruction can be treated, while in advanced cases, it cannot. Complications of bronchitis include irreversible deformation and narrowing of the bronchial walls.
Diagnosis of Bronchitis
In the medical network "Dobrobut," a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis and treatment of all forms of bronchitis is offered. The doctor diagnoses based on symptoms, complaints, medical history, and physical examination results. Additional tests may be ordered for accurate diagnosis, including:
- laboratory tests: complete blood count, biochemical blood tests, sputum culture, serological tests;
- instrumental examinations: X-ray and spirometry (especially in obstructive bronchitis).
Based on the test results, appropriate treatment is prescribed, taking into account the form, possible causes, and patient’s condition.
Treatment of Bronchitis
The treatment strategy depends on the form of bronchitis and its cause. For acute bronchitis, the patient is prescribed bed rest, fluids, and expectorants. In cases of elevated temperature, antipyretics are appropriate. Antibiotics for bronchitis are prescribed only if a bacterial infection is suspected.
Treatment of chronic bronchitis is aimed at eliminating the inflammatory process and improving bronchial permeability. For this purpose, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory medications are prescribed (the decision is made by the doctor on a case-by-case basis). Inhalations have also proven effective.
The therapy for the obstructive form of the disease focuses on bronchodilation. The primary method involves prescribing medications, which can be complemented with herbal infusions and specific drainage exercises. Massage is also effective as it aids in the expulsion of sputum and enhances respiratory muscle function.
Features of Bronchitis in Children Under One Year
Bronchitis in children under one year can quickly progress to bronchiolitis or pneumonia, which may require hospitalization and more intensive treatment. This is due to the fact that infants have a more vulnerable respiratory system, making early intervention crucial for effective treatment.
In infants, bronchitis is usually caused by viral infections, including respiratory syncytial virus, rhinoviruses, and influenza virus. Bacterial infections are less common.
Symptoms are more pronounced, and the persistent cough is often accompanied by rapid or difficult breathing due to narrower airways. Due to viral infection, infants may experience nasal congestion and runny nose, which can complicate feeding or decrease appetite and may lead to dehydration.
Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms and improving breathing. Using a humidifier can help create a better environment. Saline nasal drops and gentle suctioning can be used to relieve nasal congestion.
It is important to follow all doctor’s recommendations. If any new symptoms develop or the condition worsens, it is essential to seek qualified medical assistance promptly.
How to Avoid Frequent Bronchitis: Disease Prevention
Preventive measures are particularly necessary for patients with chronic and obstructive bronchitis.
To avoid a new exacerbation of the disease, it is advisable to adhere to the following rules:
- timely treat ARI and influenza;
- lead a healthy lifestyle and quit smoking;
- strengthen the immune system (vitamin therapy, hardening, etc.);
- avoid crowded places during flu epidemics;
- protect the respiratory system when working with harmful substances.
At the first signs of illness, consult a doctor at "Dobrobut." Quality diagnostics and a correctly established diagnosis are the keys to effective treatment.
You can schedule a consultation through the form on the website or by calling the contact center.
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Questions Patients Ask the Doctor About Bronchitis
1. Is bronchitis contagious?
Acute bronchitis, often caused by viral infections, can be contagious, especially in the early stages. Chronic bronchitis, usually associated with prolonged exposure to irritants such as smoking, is not contagious.
2. What causes bronchitis?
Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viral infections such as influenza. Chronic bronchitis is primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke and polluted air.
3. How is bronchitis diagnosed?
Diagnosis is generally based on a physical examination and symptom analysis. Sometimes, chest X-rays, sputum analysis, or pulmonary function tests (especially in obstructive bronchitis) are used to exclude other diseases.
4. How do you treat bronchitis?
Treatment for acute bronchitis focuses on symptom relief. Often, rest, adequate fluid intake, and the use of antipyretics and expectorants are sufficient. Chronic bronchitis may require bronchodilators, improved breathing function, and lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking.
5. Can bronchitis be prevented?
Preventive measures include avoiding smoking, protecting against toxic substances, maintaining hygiene practices, and receiving timely vaccinations (seasonal flu and other diseases).
6. When should I see a doctor for bronchitis?
Adults should see a doctor if they exhibit signs of a respiratory illness, especially if the cough lasts more than three weeks, is accompanied by difficulty breathing, and sustained high fever, or if symptoms worsen despite treatment. Parents of infants should promptly take the child to a pediatrician because bronchitis can rapidly progress to pneumonia in children under one year of age.
7. Can bronchitis progress to pneumonia?
Yes, acute bronchitis can sometimes lead to pneumonia, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or severe comorbidities, as well as in children under one year of age.
8. Is it safe to exercise with bronchitis?
With acute bronchitis, it is generally recommended to refrain from normal physical activity; however, light drainage exercises that promote sputum expulsion can be encouraged. Heavy exercise should be avoided until full recovery.
If you experience any symptoms of bronchitis, consult a doctor at “Dobrobut” through the appointment form on the website or by contacting the call center.
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